Ubuntu 9.10 comes with an add/remove software called: Ubuntu Software Center.

This software can be found in: Applications => Ubuntu Software Center. Once started, you will find a list of available categories and a search box; you can navigate the categories or use the search box to search for your software.

Once you locate a program you would like to install, click on it => then click on the Forward arrow button found on the right side of the software you just clicked on => now click on the Install button => then enter your password to begin.

 
How to remove a program in Ubuntu:

To remove a program in Ubuntu => start the Ubuntu Software Center => click on Installed Software (located on the top left) => click on the software you would like to remove => click on the Forward Arrow => then click on the Remove button.

1. First visit Google Chrome website
    
2. Scroll down to the Linux section and download the appropriate .deb file i.e. 32 bit systems or 64 bit systems.
    
3. Once the download is complete, double click on the .deb file to launch the Google Chrome installer => then click on Install Package
    
4. That is it Once installed, you can find Google Chrome in Applications => Internet => Google Chrome

Location, configuration file:

 
Apache configuration file:

/etc/apache2/apache2.conf

 
PHP php.ini file:

/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini

 
MySQL configuration file:

/etc/mysql/my.cnf

 
Default (initial) web location:

/var/www

 
Web browser address:

http://localhost/

Restarting:

 
How to restart apache:

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

 
How to restart MySQL:

sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart

To those of you who would like to bring back the old Add/Remove, it is pretty easy:

Applications => Ubuntu Software Center => then search for "Add/Remove" without quote

=> double click on Add/Remove Applications and hit Install.

Add/Remove should now appear under System => Addministration.

• A decent computer with at least 1GB RAM (more recommended)
• VMware Player software
• Your favorite Unix/Linux CD or iso file; for me, I will use Ubuntu version 9.10 but this article works for any OS, any version

1. Visit the VMware Player download page
2. Click on Download
   
    
3. At the time of this article, the latest version of VMware Player is 3.0 => click on VMware Player 3.0 at the very bottom of that page to continue. If you happen to see a newer version, simply download the new version.
   
    
4. Locate “VMware Player for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows” then click on Download.
    
5. VMware would then prompt you to signup “Register for your FREE Download” on the top right. You need to register for an account in order to download. VMware will send you an email with an activation link. Note: it may take several hours for VMware to send out the email. For my case, it took around 20 hours
    
6. Once you have your VMware Player downloaded, simply double click on it and install.
    

How to download Unix/Linux:
In this article, I will use Ubuntu 9.10. Ubuntu is a very popular, stable, secure and very easy to use Linux Operating System. It is based on Debian and is ranked the top OS of all Unix/Linux OSs.

1. To download, visit ubuntu.com and click on Download Ubuntu
    
2. Under Download location, select your location (country) then click on the big green Begin Download button to begin your download.
   
    

1. Start VMware Player: Start => All Programs => VMware => VMware Player
    
2. Click on Create A New Virtual Machine
   
    
3. Selecting your media: If you have your Unix OS in a CD => select Installer Disk
   If you have your Unix OS in an iso file => select Installer disk image file iso
   For this article, I will use Ubuntu 9.10 ISO file.
   
    
4. Click Next then enter your login information. This is the login you will use to login to your Linux OS.
   
    
5. Click Next then enter your Virtual Machine name. I recommend entering it as “Ubuntu 9.10″ or the name of your Linux OS so that you can easily recognize the OS at a later time.
   
    
6. Click Next then enter your Disk Capacity. This is the maximum hard drive capacity limit you set for Ubuntu. I recommend 10Gig of disk space or more.
   
    
7. Press Next then press Finish to begin the Ubuntu installation. Once the installation is finished, to start Ubuntu, simply double click on Ubuntu 9.10 under Home
   
    
   
    

1. Use Ubuntu Desktop CD version 9.10
2. You want to reformat your entire hard drive, not dual booting

Let’s start:

1. Power up your computer => quickly insert your Ubuntu 9.10 CD. If your computer boots from the CD, great. Else Ctrl+Alt+Delete to restart your computer.
    
2. Once your computer boots up, use your keyboard’s up/down arrow keys to select Install Ubuntu then press Enter
   
    
3. Select your language then press Foward
   
    
4. Click on your time-zone then press Foward
   
    
5. IF NEEDED, adjust your keyboard output then press Foward
   
    
6. Prepare Disk Space: check Erase and use the entire disk
   
    
7. Enter your login information then press Foward
   
    
8. Click on the Install button to begin the installation
   
    
   
    
9. It is that easy!
   Here is a screenshot of my final Ubuntu 9.10.
   

My laptop is pretty old and slow :/ so I am looking to install Ubuntu onto my desktop, running Vista. I have done dual booting before but that is not what I really want to do since with dual booting, I can only use one OS at a time. Because my performance is best under Windows, I want to be able to use both Windows as main and multiple other OS for learning at the same time.

I have heard of VMware long before which provides something about virtual environment so I headed over to vmware.com. After several hours of reading there, I found the product that best matches my needs: VMware Player (Free).

This instruction set provides instructions to install Ubuntu 9.10 using VMware 3.0 in Windows Vista.

1. Obtaining VMware Player: Visit their download page and download VMware Player 3.0.
    
2. Once downloaded, double click on the downloaded file to install.
    
3. Once install is complete, restart your computer.
    
4. Obtaining Ubuntu: visit ubuntu.com and download Ubuntu 9.10, if you have not done that already. You can either a) burn Ubuntu onto a CD or b) just leave Ubunto on its own .iso file
    
5. Now start VMware Player (start => all programs => vmware)
    
6. Click on Create A New Virtual Machine
    
7. If you have Ubuntu in a CD, check Installer Disk and select the proper CD drive.
   If you have Ubuntu in an .iso file, check Install Disk Image File (iso) => then Browse for the location of the .iso file.
    

   In this tutorial, I use the iso file to install.
   
    

8. Once your iso file is selected, click next to enter your login information
   
    
9. Follow the next a few screens then begin your installation
   
    

1. Start your computer; pay close attention to boot promts
    
2. When your computer boots to the GRUB screen, looks like below
   
   => use your up/down arrow keys on your keyboard to select any line that has (single-user mode)
    
3. Once you got a line with (single-user mode) selected, hit Enter
    
4. When the “Recovery Menu” pops up, use the Down arrow key and select “root       Drop to root shell prompt”
   
    
5. Once selected, press the Tab key; this would highlight <Ok> => Once Ok is selected, press Enter
   
    
6. A shell prompt would appear. We can now use the “passwd” command to reset password. Make sure to replace “your_username” with the username you used to login to your Ubuntu.

   passwd your_username  (i.e. password stephen and hit Enter)
   
   Enter new UNIX password:  (enter your password and hit Enter)
   Retype new UNIX password:  (enter your password and hit Enter)
   
   passwd: password updated successfully => you are done.
   

   Now type this to restart your computer:

   reboot

1. First start the Terminal: Applications => Accessories => Terminal
    
2. Update the Ubuntu update list by typing this command:

   sudo aptitude update

3. Now install grub:

   sudo aptitude install grub-pc

   a. When it asks for Y/n to continue, type Y and hit Enter.
   b. When the Configuring grub-pc screen pops up, click Enter; this would choose Yes by default.
   c. Next screen “Linux command line:“, click Enter again.
    

4. Once the installation is complete, restart your computer by typing:

   sudo reboot

5. On some computers, you may see this error:
   Error 11: Unrecognized device string => just hit any key to continue
    
6. At the “Chainload into GRUB 2″ screen, select Chainload into GRUB 2 and press “e”
   
    
7. Select the entry which begins with “root” and press “e”
   
    
8. Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move your cursor to “root” and remove the word “root“ => now type in the word “uuid“. The line should then look like:
   
    
9. After you finish typing the word “uuid” and your entry looks like the screenshot above, hit Enter. You will then see something like this:
   
   => Now with the uuid line still highlighted, press “b” to boot your computer.

    
   You should then see something like this (with possibly different kernel versions) then your computer boots up
   
    

10. Once your computer finished booting, start the Terminal again and type this code to finish the GRUB 2 Upgrade:

    sudo upgrade-from-grub-legacy

More Reading:

1. https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2: Ubuntu Grub2 help files.
2. http://kubuntuforums.net/forums/index.php?topic=3106368.0

1. Ubuntu 9.10 provides much faster, better-looking boot experience.
    
2. Improved graphics processing and stability.
    
3. Better looking networking manager.
    
4. Prettier login window.
    
5. Ubuntu 9.10 comes with the latest Gnome 2.28. Gnome 2.28 comes integrated with Bluetooth support so you can connect with your bluetooth devices, including mice, keyboards and headsets; you can also capture internet access from your mobile phone.
    
6. Pidgin is removed and replaced with Empathy as the default instant messaging client. Empathy is capable of VoIP and you can now have full screen video chat.
    
7. Cloud-computing: Ubuntu 9.10 comes with Ubuntu One service, which allows up to 2GB of free storage for you to store data; good idea to use it to backup important stuffs.
    
8. “ext4” file-system is now used by default for new installations.
    
9. GRUB 2 is now the default boot loader for new installations. If you upgraded your Ubuntu from an older version, your Grub stays the same, which is an older version, Grub 0.97.

   Tip, to check your Grub version, open the Terminal and type:

   grub-install -v